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Translations 

Please contact us if you would like us to send you one of the translated questionnaires.

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The MHQ is translated using a team of translators fluent in both English and the desired language. The translation process consists of the following components:

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  • Forward translation: Two translators independently translate the MHQ from English to the desired language. The translators then meet to evaluate both translations and arrive at a consensus version.

  • Backward translation: Two other translators independently translate the new version of the MHQ into English. The backward translation version is compared with the original English version. All 4 translators then meet to discuss and resolve any discrepancies. [1]

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Official MHQ translations:

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  • Bahasa Melayu MHQ [18]

    • ​Kumar A, Harun H, Hakim A, Ganapathy SS, Arumugam M. Cross-cultural Adaptation and Validity of the Patient Rated Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire in Bahasa Melayu for Malaysian Patients. J Hand Surg Asian-Pac Vol. 27(04):636-642, 2022.

  • Chinese MHQ (simple and traditional) [2] 

  • Dutch MHQ [3]

    • van der Giesen FJ. Nelissen RG. Arendzen JH. de Jong Z. Wolterbeek R. Vliet Vlieland TP. Responsiveness of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire--Dutch language version in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 89(6):1121-6, 2008.

    • Haan EA, Terwee CB, Van Wier MF, Willigenburg NW, Van Deurzen DFP, Pisters MF, Kaat AJ, Roorda LD. Qual Life Res. 2020 Jan 1. doi: 10.1007/s11136-019-02388-2. [Epub ahead of print]

  • Farsi MHQ [4]

    • Ebrahimzadeh MH, Birjandinejad A, Kachooei AR. Cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and reliability of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire among Persian population. Hand Surg. 20(1):25-31, 2015.

  • French MHQ (French and Belgian) [14]

    • ​Efanov JI, Shine JJ, Darwich R, Besner Morin C, Arsenault J, Harris PG, Danino AM, Izadpanah A. French translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire and the Brief Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire. Hand Surg Rehabil. 37(2):86-90, 2018.

  • German MHQ [5]

    • Knobloch K, Kuehn M, Papst S, Kraemer R, Vogt PM. German standardized translation of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire for patient-related outcome measurements in Dupuytren disease. Plast Reconstr Surg. 128(1):39-40, 2011. 

    • Marks M, Audige L, Herren DB, Schindele S, Nelissen RG, Vliet Vlieland TP. Measurement properties of the German Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire in patients with trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis. Arthritis C Res. 66(2):245-52, 2014.

  • Japanese MHQ [6]

    • Oda T, Abe Y, Katsumi Y, Ohi H, Nakamura T, Inagaki K. Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire: A Comparison with the DASH and SF-36 Questionnaires. J Hand Surg Asia Pac. 21(1):72-7, 2016.

  • Korean MHQ [7]

    • Roh YH, Yang BK, Noh JH, Baek GH, Song CH, Gong HS. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Korean version of the Michigan hand questionnaire. J Hand Surg Am. 36:1497-1503, 2011.

    • Wi SM, Gong HS, Bae KJ, Roh YH, Lee YH, Baek GH. Responsiveness of the Korean version of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire after carpal tunnel release. Clin Orthopae Surg. 6(2):203-7, 2014.

  • Polish MHQ [8]

    • Kozuej M, Trybus M, Mydłowska A, Sałapa K, Gniadek M, Banach M, Brudnicki J. The Polish version of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire: Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, construct validity, and measurement error. J Hand Surg Eur. 141(5):1171-81, 2018.

  • Portuguese MHQ (Brazilian) [9]

    • Pinho N, Rafael A, Cardoso A, Nardi AE. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire. J Bras Psiquiatr. 60(2):99-110, 2011.

    • Meireles SM, Natour J, Batista DA, Lopes M, Skare TL. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire for Brazil. Sao Paulo Med J. 123(6):339-47, 2014.

  • Spanish MHQ [10]​​

  • Swedish MHQ [16]

    • ​Blomstrand J, Karlsson J, Fagevik Olsén M, Kjellby Wendt G. The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ-Swe) in patients with distal radius fractures—cross-cultural adaptation to Swedish, validation and reliability. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 16(1):442, 2021.

  • Turkish MHQ [11]

    • Öksüz Ç, Akel BS, Oskay D, Leblebicioğlu G, Hayran KM. Cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and reliability process of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire in a Turkish population. J Hand Surg Am. 36:486-492, 2011.

    • Ilhanli I, Durmus D, Orekici G. Cultural adaptation of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire in patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Turkish version study. Chron Dis Transl Med.1:42-47, 2015.

    • Öksüz Ç, Akel BS, Aran OT, Sığırtmaç İC, Leblebicioğlu G. Do hand outcome measures reflect cultural influences? Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 51(4):325-30, 2017. 

  • Thai MHQ [15]​

    • Dhippayom JP, Trevittaya P, Cheng ASK. Occup Ther Int. 2018 Nov 18;2018:8319875. doi: 10.1155/2018/8319875. eCollection 2018.

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Official Brief MHQ translations:

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  • German Brief MHQ [12]

    • Knobloch K, Kraemer R, Papst S, Sorg H, Vogt PM. German version of the Brief Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire: implications for early quality of life following collagenase injection for Dupuytren contracture. Plast Reconstr Surg. 129(5):886e-7e, 2012.

  • Polish Brief MHQ [13]

  • Welsh Brief MHQ [17]

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Footnote

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  1. International Quality of Life Assessment Project. Translation. Available at: http://www.iqola.org/project.aspx#translation.

  2. Translated by Dr. De-Hong Tang; Section of Plastic Surgery; Department of Surgery; University of Michigan Health System; Ann Arbor, MI, USA and Dr. Keming Wang; Plastic Surgery Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, China.

  3. Translated by Rosali Huismans and Hans Sluiter; St. Antonius Ziekenhuis, Nieuwegein; The Netherlands.

  4. Translated by Layeghi F, Rassafiani M, Farzad M, and Dashab F; Department of Basic Science and Department of Occupational Therapy; The University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Tehran, Iran.

  5. Translated by Karsten Knobloch, MD, PhD, FACS, Marie Kuehn, Stephan Papst, MD, Robert Kraemer, MD, and Peter M. Vogt, MD, PhD; Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover, Germany.

  6. Translated by Takashi Oda, MD, PhD; Director; Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Hokkaido Saiseikai Otaru Hospital; and Yuri Fukazawa, Michael R. Rudowski and Heather C. Littlefield; Department of Asian Languages and Culture; College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

  7. Translated by Dr. Hyunsik Gong and Younghak Roh;  Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul, South Korea.

  8. Translated by Mateusz Koziej, Marek Trybus, Anna Mydłowska, Maksymilian Gniadek, and Marcin Bednarek; 2nd Department of General Surgery; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Kopernika 50, 31-501 Kraków

  9. Translated by Meireles SM, Natour J, Batista DA, Lopes M, Skare TL. Translation, cultural adaptation and reproducibility of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ) for Brazil. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2013; 72 suppl 3:576.

  10. Translated by Dr. Francisco del Piñal; Instituto de Cirugía Plástica de la Mano; Santander, Spain.

  11. Translated by Dr. Cigdem Oksuz; Health Science Faculty; Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Department; Hacettepe University; Ankara, Turkey.

  12. Translated by Knobloch K, Krämer R, Papst S, Sorg H, Vogt PM; Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover, Germany.

  13. Translated by Sylwia Chwiesko-Minarowska, Marzena Pijanowska, Monika Jablonska, and Anna Kurliszyn-Moskal; Department of Rehabilitation; Medical University of Bialystok; Bialystok, Poland and Lukasz Minarowski; Department of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis; Medical University of Bialystok; Bialystok, Poland.

  14. Translated by AbbVie Pharmaceuticals 

  15. Translated by Assistant Professors Dr. Jananya P. Dhippayom (e-mail: jananya.p@cmu.ac.th) and Dr. Piyawat Trevittaya (e-mail: piya.trevit@cmu.ac.th); Department of Occupational Therapy; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences; Chiang Mai University; Chiangmai, Thailand 50200

  16. Translated by Blomstrand J, Karlsson J, Fagevik Olsén M, Kjellby Wendt G; Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Mölndal, Sweden.

  17. Translated by Kathleen Withers, Principal Evaluation Scientist/Honorary Research Associate (Cardiff University); HOPE Wales; CEDAR Healthcare Technology Research Centre; Cardiff Medicentre; Heath Park, CARDIFF.

  18. Translated by Abilash Kumar, Hezery Harun, Ashraf Hakim, Shubash Shander Ganapathy, and Manohr Arumugam; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University Putra Malaysia; Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

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